মদীনা সনদ ও বিদায় হজ্জের ভাষণের শাসন
লিখেছেনঃ এম এস আলম, প্রকাশিত April 15, 2013
বাংলাদেশ এখন ইসলামী রাষ্ট্র!
প্রধানমন্ত্রীর ঘোষণায় গতকাল থেকে বাংলাদেশে চালু হয়েছে মদীনা সনদের শাসন। যদিও শেখ হাসিনা ২০০৯ সালের ৬ জানুয়ারী প্রধামন্ত্রীর শপথে বলেছিলেন, “আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষন, সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাা বিধান করিব।” গতকালের ঘোষনায় তিনি সে শপথ ভেঙ্গে বেরিয়ে গেলেন। এখন বাংলাদেশ চলছে মদীনা সনদ ও রসুলল্লাহ (সঃ) বিদায় হজ্জের বানী দিয়ে। এরপরে আমাদের অপেক্ষা করতে হবে সরকারী দল কবে সংসদ অধিবেশন ডেকে অফিসিয়ালি “বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান” বাতিল করে মদীনা সনদ এবং বিদায় হ্জ্জ ভিত্তিক সংবিধান চালু করবেন। আর যদি তিনি তা না করেন, তবে সংবিধান ও শপথ লংঘনের দায়ে শেখ হাসিনা অভিযুক্ত হবেন।
তাহলে জেনে নিতে হয় মদীনা সনদ কি?
৬২২ খ্রীস্টাব্দের ২৪শে সেপ্টেম্বর ইসলাম ধর্মের নবী হযরত মুহাম্মদ (সাঃ) মদিনা নগরীতে হিজরতের করেন এবং মদীনায় ইসলামী রাষ্ট্রের প্রথম রাজধানী স্থাপন করেন। এসময় সেখানে বসবাসরত বিভিন্ন সম্প্রদায় গুলোর মধ্যে ছিল গোষ্ঠীগত হিংসা-বিদ্বেষ। তাই কলহে লিপ্ত বিভিন্ন সম্প্রদায়ের মধ্যে ভাতৃত্ব্য ও সম্প্রীতি স্থাপন ও সুশাসন প্রতিষ্ঠার লক্ষ্যে হযরত মুহাম্মদ (সা:) ৪৭ ধারার একটি সনদ বা সংবিধান প্রণয়ন করেন যা পৃথিবীর ইতিহাসে মদিনার সনদ নামে পরিচিত। এর প্রথম ১০ ধারায় বলা হয় যে, মুহাজির (দেশত্যাগী বা যারা মক্কা থেকে মদীনায় হিজরত করেছিল), বনু আউফ, বনু সাইদা, বনু হারিস, বনু জুশাম, বনু নাজ্জার, বনু আমর, বনু নবীত ও বনু আউস পূর্বহারে মুসলমানদের মধ্যে প্রচলিত নিয়মনীতি এবং ন্যায়বিচারের ভিত্তিতে পণের মাধ্যমে বন্দীদের মুক্ত করবে। ১১ থেকে ২০ ধারায় মুসলমানদের পারষ্পরিক সম্পর্ক সম্পর্কিত আইন বিধৃত হয়। ২১ থেকে ২৬ ধারায় হত্যাকারীর শাস্তি, কোনো মুসলমান কোনো অন্যায়কারীকে আশ্রয় দিলে তার শাস্তি, কোনো বিষয়ে মতবিরোধ দেখা দিলে তার মীমাংসা পদ্ধতি, ধর্মীয় স্বাধীনতা ইত্যাদী বিষয়ক আইন সন্নিবেশিত হয়। ২৭ থেকে ৩৬ ধারায় সন্নিবেশিত হয় বিভিন্ন গোত্রের স্বরুপ সম্পর্কিত বিধান। পরবর্তী ধারাসমূহে যুদ্ধনীতি, নাগরিকদের ক্ষতির ক্ষতিপূরণ, নিজ নিজ ব্যয় নির্বাহ, এ সনদে অংশগ্রহণকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে কেউ যুদ্ধে লিপ্ত হলে তার ব্যাপারে ব্যবস্থা, বন্ধুর দুষ্কর্ম, যুদ্ধের ব্যয় নির্বাহ, নাগরিকের অধিকার, আশ্রয়দানকারী ও আশ্রিতের সম্পর্ক, নারীর আশ্রয়, সনদের স্বাক্ষরকারীদের মধ্যে শান্তি ভঙ্গের আশন্কা দেখা দিলে করণীয়, কুরাইশদের ব্যাপারে ব্যবস্থা, মদীনার উপর অতর্কিত আক্রমণ হলে করণীয় ইত্যাদী সন্নিবেশিত হয়। বিশ্বের ইতিহাসে এটিই প্রথম লিখিত চুক্তি ও সংবিধান। মদীনা প্রজাতন্ত্রই পরবর্তীকালে ইসলামী সাম্রাজ্যের ভিত্তিমূল স্হাপন করে। উক্ত সংবিধানে সকল পক্ষ মেনে নিয়ে স্বাক্ষর দান করেছিল।
মদীনা সনদের মূল বিষয়বস্তু ছিল:
১. সনদপত্রে স্বাক্ষরকারী সম্প্রদায়সমূহ ইসলামী রাষ্ট্রের অধীনে একটি সাধারণ জাতি গঠন করবে।
২. হযরত মুহাম্মদ (স) ইসলামী রাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান থাকবেন।
৩. কোন সম্প্রদায় গোপনে কুরাইশদের সাথে কোন প্রকার সন্ধি করতে পারবে না কিংবা মদীনা বা মদীনাবাসীদের বিরুদ্ধে ষড়যন্ত্রে কুরাইশদের কোনরুপ সাহায্য-সহযোগীতা করতে পারবে না।
৪. মুসলিম, খ্রীস্টান, ইহুদী, পৌত্তলিক ও অন্যান্য সম্প্রদায় ধর্মীয় ব্যাপারে পূর্ণ স্বাধীনতা ভোগ করবে। কেউ কারো ধর্মীয় কাজে কোন রকম হস্তক্ষেপ করতে পারবে না।
৫. মদিনার উপর যে কোন বহিরাক্রমণ কে রাষ্ট্রের জন্য বিপদ বলে গণ্য করতে হবে। এবং সেই আক্রমণ কে প্রতিরোধ করার জন্য সকল সম্প্রদায়কে এক জোট হয়ে অগ্রসর হতে হবে।
৬. রাষ্ট্রের প্রতি নাগরিকের অধিকার ও নিরাপত্তা রক্ষার ব্যবস্থা থাকবে।
৭. অসহায় ও দূর্বলকে সর্বাবস্থায় সাহায্য ও রক্ষা করতে হবে।
৮. সকল প্রকার রক্তক্ষয়, হত্যা ও বলাৎকার নিষিদ্ধ করতে হবে এবং মদীনাকে পবিত্র নগরী বলে ঘোষণা করা হবে।
৯. কোন লোক ব্যক্তিগত অপরাধ করলে তা ব্যক্তিগত অপরাধ হিসেবেই বিচার করা হবে। তজ্জন্য অপরাধীর সম্প্রদায় কে দায়ী করা যাবে না।
১০. মুসলমান, ইহুদী ও অন্যান্য সম্প্রদায়ের লোকেরা পরষ্পর বন্ধুসুলভ আচরণ করবে।
১১. রাষ্ট্রের অভ্যন্তরীণ বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তির অধিকার থাকবে রাষ্ট্রপ্রধানের এবং তিনি হবেন সর্বোচ্চ বিচারালয়ের সর্বোচ্চ বিচারক।
১২. মুহাম্মদ (সাঃ) এর অনুমতি ব্যতীত মদীনাবাসীগণ কারও বিরুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করতে পারবে না।
১৩. মুসলমানদের কেউ যদি অন্যায় কিংবা বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করে তবে সবাই মিলে তার বিরুদ্ধে যথোচিত ব্যবস্থা গ্রহণ করবে। নিজ সন্তান বা আত্নীয় হলেও এ ব্যাপারে তাকে ক্ষমা করা যাবে না।
আর শুক্রবার, ৯ জিলহজ, ১০ হিজরী সনে আরাফার দিন দুপুরের পর রাসূল সাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লাম লক্ষাধিক সাহাবির সমাবেশে হজের সময় এই বিখ্যাত ভাষণ দেন। স্বীয় ভাষণে ইরশাদ করেনঃ
”আল্লাহ ছাড়া আর কোনো মা’বুদ নেই। তাঁর সমকক্ষ কেউ নেই। ইসলামে জাতি, শ্রেণীভেদ ও বর্ণবৈষম্য নেই। তোমরা তোমাদের প্রভুর ইবাদত করবে। পাঁচ ওয়াক্ত সালাত যথারীতি আদায় করবে, রমজানের রোজা পালন করবে, স্বেচ্ছায় ও খুশি মনে তোমাদের সম্পদের জাকাত দেবে, তোমাদের রবের ঘর বায়তুল্লাহর হজ করবে আর আমিরের ইতা’আত করবে, তা হলে তোমরা জান্নাতে দাখিল হতে পারবে। তোমরা দীনের ব্যাপারে বাড়াবাড়ি থেকে বিরত থাকবে। যে ব্যক্তি নিজের পিতার স্থলে অপরকে পিতা বলে পরিচয় দেয়, নিজের মাওলা বা অভিভাবককে ছেড়ে দিয়ে অন্য কাউকে মাওলা বা অভিভাবক বলে পরিচয় দেয় তার ওপর আল্লাহর লা’নত। যদি কোনো নাক, কান কাটা হাবশি দাসকেও তোমাদের আমির বানিয়ে দেয়া হয় তবে সে যত দিন আল্লাহর কিতাব অনুসারে তোমাদের পরিচালিত করবে, তত দিন অবশ্যই তার কথা মানবে, তার প্রতি আনুগত্য প্রদর্শন করবে।”
Constitution of Medina in 63 Articles
The following are the 63 constitutional articles of the Constitution of Medina drafted by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) after 622 AD. Download in PDF or download to your Kindle or Nook Book.
Article 1 Constitutional Document
This is a constitutional document given by Muhammad (Peace be upon them), the prophet, (Messenger of God).
Article 2 Constitutional Subjects of the State
(This shall be a pact) between the Muslims of Quraysh, the people of Yathrib (the Citizens of Madina) and those who shall follow them and become attached to them (politically) and fight along with them. (All these communities shall be the constitutional subjects of the state.)
Article 3 Formation of the Constitutional Nationality
The aforementioned communities shall formulate a Constitutional Unity as distinct from (other) people.
Article 4 Validation and Enforcement of the former tribal laws of blood money for the emigrant Quraysh.
The emigrants from Quraysh shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principals of law and justice.
Article 5 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Auf
And the emigrants from Banu Auf shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover , the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice
Article 6 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Harith
And the emigrants from Banu Harith shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 7 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Saida
And the emigrants from Banu Saida shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 8 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Jusham
And the emigrants from Banu Jusham shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 9 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Najjar
And the emigrants from Banu Najjar shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 10 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Amr
And the emigrants from Banu Amr shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 11 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Nabeet
And the emigrants from Banu Nabeet shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 12 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Aws
And the emigrants from Banu Aws shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 13 Indiscriminate rule of law and justice for all the communities.
And every group shall secure the release of its captives ensuring that an indiscriminate rule of law and justice is applied among the believers.
Article 14 Prohibition of relaxation in execution of law
The believers shall not leave a debtor among them, but shall help him in paying his ransom, according to what shall be considered fair.
Article 15 Prohibition of Unjust favoritism
A believer shall not form an alliance with the associate of (another) believer without the (latter’s) consent.
Article 16 Collective resistance against injustice, tyranny and mischief
There shall be collective resistance by the believers against any individual who rises in rebellion, attempts to acquire anything by force, violates any pledge or attempts to spread mischief amongst the believers. Such collective resistance against the perpetrator shall occur even if he is the son of anyone of them.
Article 17 Prohibition of killing of a Muslim by a Muslim
A believer shall not kill (another) believer (in retaliation) for an unbeliever, nor help an unbeliever against a believer.
Article 18 Guarantee of equal right of life protection for all the Muslims
The security of God (granted under this constitution) is one. This protection can be granted even by the humblest of the believers ( that would be equally binding for all).
Article 19 Distinctive identity of the Muslims against other constitutional communities
The believers shall be the associates of one another against all other people (of the world).
Article 20 Non-Muslim minorities (Jews) have the same right of life protection (like Muslims)
A Jew, who obeys us( the state) shall enjoys the same right of life protection( as the believers do), so long as they (the believers) are not wronged by him. (the Jews), and he does not help (others) against them.
Article 21 Guarantee of peace and security for all the Muslims bases on equality and justice
And verily the peace granted by the believers shall be one. If there is any war in the way of Allah, no believers shall make any treaty of peace( with the enemy) apart from other believers, unless that is based on equality and fairness among all.
Article 22 Law of relief for war allies
Every war ally of ours shall receive relief turns ( at riding) at all military duties.
Article 23 Law of vengeance for the Muslims in case bloodshed in the way of Allah
The believers shall execute vengeance for one another for the bloodshed in the way of Allah.
Article 24 Islam is the best code of life
All the God-fearing believers are under the best and most correct guidance of Islam.
Article 25 Prohibition of providing security of life and property to the enemy
No idolater ( or any non-believer among the clans of Madina) shall give protection for property and life to ( any of the ) Quraysh ( because of their being hostile to the state of Madina) nor shall intervene on his behalf against any believer.
Article 26 Execution of the law of retaliation for a Muslim murder
When anyone intentionally kills a believer, the evidence being clear he shall be killed in retaliation, unless the heirs of the victim are satisfied with the blood money. All the believers shall solidly stand against the murderer and nothing will be lawful for them except opposing him.
Article 27 protection or concession for the doer of mischief and subversion against the constitution
A believer who believes in God and in the Hereafter and agrees to the contents of this document shall not provide any protection or concession to those who engage in mischief and subversion against this constitution. Those who do so shall face the curse and wrath of God on the Day of Resurrection. Furthermore, nothing shall be accepted from them as a compensation or restitution ( in the life hereafter).
Article 28 The final and absolute authority in the disputes vests in almighty Allah and Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them)
When anyone among you differs about anything, the dispute shall be referred to Almighty Allah and to the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them) (as all final and absolute authority is vested in them).
Article 29 Proportionate liability of non-Muslim citizens (the Jews) in bearing the war expenses
The Jews (non-Muslim minorities) will be subjected to a proportionate liability of the war expenses along with the believers so long as they (the Jews) continue to fight in conjunction with them.
Article 30 Guarantee of freedom of religion for both the Muslims and non-Muslim minorities ( the Jews)
The Jews of Banu Awf (non-Muslim minorities) shall be considered a community along with the believers. They shall be guaranteed the right of religious freedom along with the Muslims. The right shall be conferred on their associates as well as themselves except those who are guilty of oppression or the violators of treaties. They will bring evil only on themselves and their family.
Article 31 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Najjar with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Najjar shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 32 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Harith with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Harith shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 33 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Sa’ida with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Sa’ida shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 34 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Jusham with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Jusham shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 35 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Aws with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Aws shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 36 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Tha’laba with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Tha’laba shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf except who are guilty of oppression or violate treaties, they will bring evil only on themselves and their family.
Article 37 Equality of rights for Jafna, the branch of Banu Tha’laba, with the Jews of Banu Awf
Jafna, a branch of Banu Thalaba, shall enjoy the same rights as granted to Banu Tha’laba.
Article 38 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Shutayba with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Shutayba shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf. There shall be complete compliance ( with this constitution) and no violation (of its clauses)
Article 39 Equality of rights for all the associates of the tribe Tha’laba
All the associates of Banu Tha’laba shall enjoy the same rights as granted to Banu Thalaba.
Article 40 Equality of rights for all branches of the Jews
All sub-branches of the Jews shall enjoy the same rights as granted to them (the Jews).
Article 41 Final command and authority in military expeditions vests in the prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them)
Verily, none among the allies shall advance (on a military expedition) without the prior permission of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them) (in whom vests the final command and authority).
Article 42 No exception from the law of retaliation
There shall be no impediment on anyone who wished to avenge a wound.
Article 43 Responsibility of Unlawful Killing
Whoever commits an unlawful killing shall be responsible for it himself with his family members but he is exempted in case he kills a cruel. Verily, Allah (is the Trust Helper) support those who adhere completely to this constitution.
Article 44 Separate liability of war expenses
The Jews and the Muslims shall bear their own war expenses separately.
Article 45 Compulsory mutual help to one another in case of war
There shall be mutual help between one another against those engage in war with the allies of this document.
Article 46 Mutual consultation and honourable dealing
There shall be mutual consultation and honourable dealing between the allies and there shall be the fulfilment not the violation, of all pledges.
Article 47 Law of prohibition of treachery and help of the oppressed
No one shall violate the pledge due to his ally and verily; help shall be given to the oppressed.
Article 48 The Jews (non-Muslim minorities) shall also extend financial support to the state during the war period
The Jews (non-Muslims minorities) along with the believers shall extend financial support to the state during the war period.
Article 49 Prohibition of Fighting and bloodshed among the various communities of the state
The valley of Yathrib is sacred and there shall be prohibition of fighting and bloodshed among the various communities of the state.
Article 50 Equal right of life protection shall be granted to everyone , who has been given the constitutional shelter
A person given constitutional shelter shall be granted an equal right of life protection as long as he commits no harm and does not act treacherously.
Article 51 Law of shelter for the women
A woman shall not be given any shelter without the consent of her family.
Article 52 Authority of Allah and the prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them) shall be final and absolute authority in all disputes instigating any quarrel
And verily if any dispute arises among the parties to this document from which any quarrel may be feared, it shall be referred to God and to Muhammad (Peace be upon them), the Messenger of God , for the final and absolute decision. Verily, God is the Guarantee for the faithful observance of the contents of this constitution (which shall be enforced by the state).
Article 53 No refuge for the enemies of the state nor for their allies
There shall be no refuge for the Quraysh ( the enemies of the state) nor for their allies.
Article 54 Joint responsibility of defense in case of an attack on the state
The Muslims and the Jews shall be jointly responsible to defend ( the state of) Madina against any outside attack.
Article 55 Incumbency of observance of the treaty of peace for every ally
It shall be incumbent upon the Jews to observe and adhere to any peace treaty they are invited to participate in . Likewise, it shall also be incumbent upon the Muslims to observe and adhere to any peace treaty, they are invited to.
Article 56 No treaty shall suspend or negate the responsibility of the protection of Deen
(Likewise, it shall be incumbent upon the Muslims also to observe and adhere to any peace treaty that they are invited to), but no treaty will restrain them from fighting for the protection of their Deen.
Article 57 Every party to treaty shall be responsible for the defence of its facing direction
Every party to the treaty shall be responsible for the measures and arrangements of the defence of its facing direction.
Article 58 The basic constituent members of this document and their associates shall possess the equal constitutional status
The Jews of Aws (one of the basic constituent members of this document) and their allies shall posses the same constitutional status as the other parties to this document, with a condition that they should thoroughly sincere and honest in their dealing with the parties.
Article 59 No party shall have any right of violation of the constitution
No party shall have the right to violate the constitution. Every person who is guilty of a crime shall be held responsible for his act alone.
Article 60 Favour of Almighty Allah will be subject to the observance of the constitution
Verily, God is the Guarantee for the faithful observance of the contents of this constitution ( which shall be enforced by the state).
Article 61 No traitor or oppressor shall have the right of protection under this document
Verily, this constitutional document shall not protect any traitor or oppressor.
Article 62 All peaceful citizens would be in a save and secure protection
Verily, whoever goes out ( on a military expedition) shall be provided with security and whoever stays in Madina shall have (likewise), except those who commit oppression and violate the contents of this constitution.
Article 63 Allah and his Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them) are the protectors of the peaceful citizens of Madina who abide by the constitution
Verily, Allah and the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them), the Messenger of God, are the protectors of good citizens and of those who fear from Allah.
Source: These articles are based on the book Constitutional Analysis of the Constitution of Madina by Dr. Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri.
প্রধানমন্ত্রীর ঘোষণায় গতকাল থেকে বাংলাদেশে চালু হয়েছে মদীনা সনদের শাসন। যদিও শেখ হাসিনা ২০০৯ সালের ৬ জানুয়ারী প্রধামন্ত্রীর শপথে বলেছিলেন, “আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষন, সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাা বিধান করিব।” গতকালের ঘোষনায় তিনি সে শপথ ভেঙ্গে বেরিয়ে গেলেন। এখন বাংলাদেশ চলছে মদীনা সনদ ও রসুলল্লাহ (সঃ) বিদায় হজ্জের বানী দিয়ে। এরপরে আমাদের অপেক্ষা করতে হবে সরকারী দল কবে সংসদ অধিবেশন ডেকে অফিসিয়ালি “বাংলাদেশের সংবিধান” বাতিল করে মদীনা সনদ এবং বিদায় হ্জ্জ ভিত্তিক সংবিধান চালু করবেন। আর যদি তিনি তা না করেন, তবে সংবিধান ও শপথ লংঘনের দায়ে শেখ হাসিনা অভিযুক্ত হবেন।
তাহলে জেনে নিতে হয় মদীনা সনদ কি?
৬২২ খ্রীস্টাব্দের ২৪শে সেপ্টেম্বর ইসলাম ধর্মের নবী হযরত মুহাম্মদ (সাঃ) মদিনা নগরীতে হিজরতের করেন এবং মদীনায় ইসলামী রাষ্ট্রের প্রথম রাজধানী স্থাপন করেন। এসময় সেখানে বসবাসরত বিভিন্ন সম্প্রদায় গুলোর মধ্যে ছিল গোষ্ঠীগত হিংসা-বিদ্বেষ। তাই কলহে লিপ্ত বিভিন্ন সম্প্রদায়ের মধ্যে ভাতৃত্ব্য ও সম্প্রীতি স্থাপন ও সুশাসন প্রতিষ্ঠার লক্ষ্যে হযরত মুহাম্মদ (সা:) ৪৭ ধারার একটি সনদ বা সংবিধান প্রণয়ন করেন যা পৃথিবীর ইতিহাসে মদিনার সনদ নামে পরিচিত। এর প্রথম ১০ ধারায় বলা হয় যে, মুহাজির (দেশত্যাগী বা যারা মক্কা থেকে মদীনায় হিজরত করেছিল), বনু আউফ, বনু সাইদা, বনু হারিস, বনু জুশাম, বনু নাজ্জার, বনু আমর, বনু নবীত ও বনু আউস পূর্বহারে মুসলমানদের মধ্যে প্রচলিত নিয়মনীতি এবং ন্যায়বিচারের ভিত্তিতে পণের মাধ্যমে বন্দীদের মুক্ত করবে। ১১ থেকে ২০ ধারায় মুসলমানদের পারষ্পরিক সম্পর্ক সম্পর্কিত আইন বিধৃত হয়। ২১ থেকে ২৬ ধারায় হত্যাকারীর শাস্তি, কোনো মুসলমান কোনো অন্যায়কারীকে আশ্রয় দিলে তার শাস্তি, কোনো বিষয়ে মতবিরোধ দেখা দিলে তার মীমাংসা পদ্ধতি, ধর্মীয় স্বাধীনতা ইত্যাদী বিষয়ক আইন সন্নিবেশিত হয়। ২৭ থেকে ৩৬ ধারায় সন্নিবেশিত হয় বিভিন্ন গোত্রের স্বরুপ সম্পর্কিত বিধান। পরবর্তী ধারাসমূহে যুদ্ধনীতি, নাগরিকদের ক্ষতির ক্ষতিপূরণ, নিজ নিজ ব্যয় নির্বাহ, এ সনদে অংশগ্রহণকারীদের বিরুদ্ধে কেউ যুদ্ধে লিপ্ত হলে তার ব্যাপারে ব্যবস্থা, বন্ধুর দুষ্কর্ম, যুদ্ধের ব্যয় নির্বাহ, নাগরিকের অধিকার, আশ্রয়দানকারী ও আশ্রিতের সম্পর্ক, নারীর আশ্রয়, সনদের স্বাক্ষরকারীদের মধ্যে শান্তি ভঙ্গের আশন্কা দেখা দিলে করণীয়, কুরাইশদের ব্যাপারে ব্যবস্থা, মদীনার উপর অতর্কিত আক্রমণ হলে করণীয় ইত্যাদী সন্নিবেশিত হয়। বিশ্বের ইতিহাসে এটিই প্রথম লিখিত চুক্তি ও সংবিধান। মদীনা প্রজাতন্ত্রই পরবর্তীকালে ইসলামী সাম্রাজ্যের ভিত্তিমূল স্হাপন করে। উক্ত সংবিধানে সকল পক্ষ মেনে নিয়ে স্বাক্ষর দান করেছিল।
মদীনা সনদের মূল বিষয়বস্তু ছিল:
১. সনদপত্রে স্বাক্ষরকারী সম্প্রদায়সমূহ ইসলামী রাষ্ট্রের অধীনে একটি সাধারণ জাতি গঠন করবে।
২. হযরত মুহাম্মদ (স) ইসলামী রাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রপ্রধান থাকবেন।
৩. কোন সম্প্রদায় গোপনে কুরাইশদের সাথে কোন প্রকার সন্ধি করতে পারবে না কিংবা মদীনা বা মদীনাবাসীদের বিরুদ্ধে ষড়যন্ত্রে কুরাইশদের কোনরুপ সাহায্য-সহযোগীতা করতে পারবে না।
৪. মুসলিম, খ্রীস্টান, ইহুদী, পৌত্তলিক ও অন্যান্য সম্প্রদায় ধর্মীয় ব্যাপারে পূর্ণ স্বাধীনতা ভোগ করবে। কেউ কারো ধর্মীয় কাজে কোন রকম হস্তক্ষেপ করতে পারবে না।
৫. মদিনার উপর যে কোন বহিরাক্রমণ কে রাষ্ট্রের জন্য বিপদ বলে গণ্য করতে হবে। এবং সেই আক্রমণ কে প্রতিরোধ করার জন্য সকল সম্প্রদায়কে এক জোট হয়ে অগ্রসর হতে হবে।
৬. রাষ্ট্রের প্রতি নাগরিকের অধিকার ও নিরাপত্তা রক্ষার ব্যবস্থা থাকবে।
৭. অসহায় ও দূর্বলকে সর্বাবস্থায় সাহায্য ও রক্ষা করতে হবে।
৮. সকল প্রকার রক্তক্ষয়, হত্যা ও বলাৎকার নিষিদ্ধ করতে হবে এবং মদীনাকে পবিত্র নগরী বলে ঘোষণা করা হবে।
৯. কোন লোক ব্যক্তিগত অপরাধ করলে তা ব্যক্তিগত অপরাধ হিসেবেই বিচার করা হবে। তজ্জন্য অপরাধীর সম্প্রদায় কে দায়ী করা যাবে না।
১০. মুসলমান, ইহুদী ও অন্যান্য সম্প্রদায়ের লোকেরা পরষ্পর বন্ধুসুলভ আচরণ করবে।
১১. রাষ্ট্রের অভ্যন্তরীণ বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তির অধিকার থাকবে রাষ্ট্রপ্রধানের এবং তিনি হবেন সর্বোচ্চ বিচারালয়ের সর্বোচ্চ বিচারক।
১২. মুহাম্মদ (সাঃ) এর অনুমতি ব্যতীত মদীনাবাসীগণ কারও বিরুদ্ধে যুদ্ধ ঘোষণা করতে পারবে না।
১৩. মুসলমানদের কেউ যদি অন্যায় কিংবা বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা করে তবে সবাই মিলে তার বিরুদ্ধে যথোচিত ব্যবস্থা গ্রহণ করবে। নিজ সন্তান বা আত্নীয় হলেও এ ব্যাপারে তাকে ক্ষমা করা যাবে না।
আর শুক্রবার, ৯ জিলহজ, ১০ হিজরী সনে আরাফার দিন দুপুরের পর রাসূল সাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লাম লক্ষাধিক সাহাবির সমাবেশে হজের সময় এই বিখ্যাত ভাষণ দেন। স্বীয় ভাষণে ইরশাদ করেনঃ
”আল্লাহ ছাড়া আর কোনো মা’বুদ নেই। তাঁর সমকক্ষ কেউ নেই। ইসলামে জাতি, শ্রেণীভেদ ও বর্ণবৈষম্য নেই। তোমরা তোমাদের প্রভুর ইবাদত করবে। পাঁচ ওয়াক্ত সালাত যথারীতি আদায় করবে, রমজানের রোজা পালন করবে, স্বেচ্ছায় ও খুশি মনে তোমাদের সম্পদের জাকাত দেবে, তোমাদের রবের ঘর বায়তুল্লাহর হজ করবে আর আমিরের ইতা’আত করবে, তা হলে তোমরা জান্নাতে দাখিল হতে পারবে। তোমরা দীনের ব্যাপারে বাড়াবাড়ি থেকে বিরত থাকবে। যে ব্যক্তি নিজের পিতার স্থলে অপরকে পিতা বলে পরিচয় দেয়, নিজের মাওলা বা অভিভাবককে ছেড়ে দিয়ে অন্য কাউকে মাওলা বা অভিভাবক বলে পরিচয় দেয় তার ওপর আল্লাহর লা’নত। যদি কোনো নাক, কান কাটা হাবশি দাসকেও তোমাদের আমির বানিয়ে দেয়া হয় তবে সে যত দিন আল্লাহর কিতাব অনুসারে তোমাদের পরিচালিত করবে, তত দিন অবশ্যই তার কথা মানবে, তার প্রতি আনুগত্য প্রদর্শন করবে।”
Constitution of Medina in 63 Articles
The following are the 63 constitutional articles of the Constitution of Medina drafted by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) after 622 AD. Download in PDF or download to your Kindle or Nook Book.
Article 1 Constitutional Document
This is a constitutional document given by Muhammad (Peace be upon them), the prophet, (Messenger of God).
Article 2 Constitutional Subjects of the State
(This shall be a pact) between the Muslims of Quraysh, the people of Yathrib (the Citizens of Madina) and those who shall follow them and become attached to them (politically) and fight along with them. (All these communities shall be the constitutional subjects of the state.)
Article 3 Formation of the Constitutional Nationality
The aforementioned communities shall formulate a Constitutional Unity as distinct from (other) people.
Article 4 Validation and Enforcement of the former tribal laws of blood money for the emigrant Quraysh.
The emigrants from Quraysh shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principals of law and justice.
Article 5 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Auf
And the emigrants from Banu Auf shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover , the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice
Article 6 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Harith
And the emigrants from Banu Harith shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 7 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Saida
And the emigrants from Banu Saida shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 8 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Jusham
And the emigrants from Banu Jusham shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 9 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Najjar
And the emigrants from Banu Najjar shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 10 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Amr
And the emigrants from Banu Amr shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 11 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Nabeet
And the emigrants from Banu Nabeet shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 12 Validation of the former laws of blood money for Banu Aws
And the emigrants from Banu Aws shall be responsible for their ward and they shall, according to their former approved practice, jointly pay the blood money in mutual collaboration and every group shall secure the release of their prisoners by paying the ransom. Moreover, the deal among the believers shall be in accordance with the recognized principles of law and justice.
Article 13 Indiscriminate rule of law and justice for all the communities.
And every group shall secure the release of its captives ensuring that an indiscriminate rule of law and justice is applied among the believers.
Article 14 Prohibition of relaxation in execution of law
The believers shall not leave a debtor among them, but shall help him in paying his ransom, according to what shall be considered fair.
Article 15 Prohibition of Unjust favoritism
A believer shall not form an alliance with the associate of (another) believer without the (latter’s) consent.
Article 16 Collective resistance against injustice, tyranny and mischief
There shall be collective resistance by the believers against any individual who rises in rebellion, attempts to acquire anything by force, violates any pledge or attempts to spread mischief amongst the believers. Such collective resistance against the perpetrator shall occur even if he is the son of anyone of them.
Article 17 Prohibition of killing of a Muslim by a Muslim
A believer shall not kill (another) believer (in retaliation) for an unbeliever, nor help an unbeliever against a believer.
Article 18 Guarantee of equal right of life protection for all the Muslims
The security of God (granted under this constitution) is one. This protection can be granted even by the humblest of the believers ( that would be equally binding for all).
Article 19 Distinctive identity of the Muslims against other constitutional communities
The believers shall be the associates of one another against all other people (of the world).
Article 20 Non-Muslim minorities (Jews) have the same right of life protection (like Muslims)
A Jew, who obeys us( the state) shall enjoys the same right of life protection( as the believers do), so long as they (the believers) are not wronged by him. (the Jews), and he does not help (others) against them.
Article 21 Guarantee of peace and security for all the Muslims bases on equality and justice
And verily the peace granted by the believers shall be one. If there is any war in the way of Allah, no believers shall make any treaty of peace( with the enemy) apart from other believers, unless that is based on equality and fairness among all.
Article 22 Law of relief for war allies
Every war ally of ours shall receive relief turns ( at riding) at all military duties.
Article 23 Law of vengeance for the Muslims in case bloodshed in the way of Allah
The believers shall execute vengeance for one another for the bloodshed in the way of Allah.
Article 24 Islam is the best code of life
All the God-fearing believers are under the best and most correct guidance of Islam.
Article 25 Prohibition of providing security of life and property to the enemy
No idolater ( or any non-believer among the clans of Madina) shall give protection for property and life to ( any of the ) Quraysh ( because of their being hostile to the state of Madina) nor shall intervene on his behalf against any believer.
Article 26 Execution of the law of retaliation for a Muslim murder
When anyone intentionally kills a believer, the evidence being clear he shall be killed in retaliation, unless the heirs of the victim are satisfied with the blood money. All the believers shall solidly stand against the murderer and nothing will be lawful for them except opposing him.
Article 27 protection or concession for the doer of mischief and subversion against the constitution
A believer who believes in God and in the Hereafter and agrees to the contents of this document shall not provide any protection or concession to those who engage in mischief and subversion against this constitution. Those who do so shall face the curse and wrath of God on the Day of Resurrection. Furthermore, nothing shall be accepted from them as a compensation or restitution ( in the life hereafter).
Article 28 The final and absolute authority in the disputes vests in almighty Allah and Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them)
When anyone among you differs about anything, the dispute shall be referred to Almighty Allah and to the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them) (as all final and absolute authority is vested in them).
Article 29 Proportionate liability of non-Muslim citizens (the Jews) in bearing the war expenses
The Jews (non-Muslim minorities) will be subjected to a proportionate liability of the war expenses along with the believers so long as they (the Jews) continue to fight in conjunction with them.
Article 30 Guarantee of freedom of religion for both the Muslims and non-Muslim minorities ( the Jews)
The Jews of Banu Awf (non-Muslim minorities) shall be considered a community along with the believers. They shall be guaranteed the right of religious freedom along with the Muslims. The right shall be conferred on their associates as well as themselves except those who are guilty of oppression or the violators of treaties. They will bring evil only on themselves and their family.
Article 31 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Najjar with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Najjar shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 32 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Harith with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Harith shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 33 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Sa’ida with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Sa’ida shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 34 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Jusham with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Jusham shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 35 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Aws with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Aws shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf.
Article 36 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Tha’laba with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Tha’laba shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf except who are guilty of oppression or violate treaties, they will bring evil only on themselves and their family.
Article 37 Equality of rights for Jafna, the branch of Banu Tha’laba, with the Jews of Banu Awf
Jafna, a branch of Banu Thalaba, shall enjoy the same rights as granted to Banu Tha’laba.
Article 38 Equality of rights for the Jews of Banu Shutayba with the Jews of Banu Awf
The Jews of Banu Shutayba shall enjoy the same rights as granted to the Jews of Banu Awf. There shall be complete compliance ( with this constitution) and no violation (of its clauses)
Article 39 Equality of rights for all the associates of the tribe Tha’laba
All the associates of Banu Tha’laba shall enjoy the same rights as granted to Banu Thalaba.
Article 40 Equality of rights for all branches of the Jews
All sub-branches of the Jews shall enjoy the same rights as granted to them (the Jews).
Article 41 Final command and authority in military expeditions vests in the prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them)
Verily, none among the allies shall advance (on a military expedition) without the prior permission of the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them) (in whom vests the final command and authority).
Article 42 No exception from the law of retaliation
There shall be no impediment on anyone who wished to avenge a wound.
Article 43 Responsibility of Unlawful Killing
Whoever commits an unlawful killing shall be responsible for it himself with his family members but he is exempted in case he kills a cruel. Verily, Allah (is the Trust Helper) support those who adhere completely to this constitution.
Article 44 Separate liability of war expenses
The Jews and the Muslims shall bear their own war expenses separately.
Article 45 Compulsory mutual help to one another in case of war
There shall be mutual help between one another against those engage in war with the allies of this document.
Article 46 Mutual consultation and honourable dealing
There shall be mutual consultation and honourable dealing between the allies and there shall be the fulfilment not the violation, of all pledges.
Article 47 Law of prohibition of treachery and help of the oppressed
No one shall violate the pledge due to his ally and verily; help shall be given to the oppressed.
Article 48 The Jews (non-Muslim minorities) shall also extend financial support to the state during the war period
The Jews (non-Muslims minorities) along with the believers shall extend financial support to the state during the war period.
Article 49 Prohibition of Fighting and bloodshed among the various communities of the state
The valley of Yathrib is sacred and there shall be prohibition of fighting and bloodshed among the various communities of the state.
Article 50 Equal right of life protection shall be granted to everyone , who has been given the constitutional shelter
A person given constitutional shelter shall be granted an equal right of life protection as long as he commits no harm and does not act treacherously.
Article 51 Law of shelter for the women
A woman shall not be given any shelter without the consent of her family.
Article 52 Authority of Allah and the prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them) shall be final and absolute authority in all disputes instigating any quarrel
And verily if any dispute arises among the parties to this document from which any quarrel may be feared, it shall be referred to God and to Muhammad (Peace be upon them), the Messenger of God , for the final and absolute decision. Verily, God is the Guarantee for the faithful observance of the contents of this constitution (which shall be enforced by the state).
Article 53 No refuge for the enemies of the state nor for their allies
There shall be no refuge for the Quraysh ( the enemies of the state) nor for their allies.
Article 54 Joint responsibility of defense in case of an attack on the state
The Muslims and the Jews shall be jointly responsible to defend ( the state of) Madina against any outside attack.
Article 55 Incumbency of observance of the treaty of peace for every ally
It shall be incumbent upon the Jews to observe and adhere to any peace treaty they are invited to participate in . Likewise, it shall also be incumbent upon the Muslims to observe and adhere to any peace treaty, they are invited to.
Article 56 No treaty shall suspend or negate the responsibility of the protection of Deen
(Likewise, it shall be incumbent upon the Muslims also to observe and adhere to any peace treaty that they are invited to), but no treaty will restrain them from fighting for the protection of their Deen.
Article 57 Every party to treaty shall be responsible for the defence of its facing direction
Every party to the treaty shall be responsible for the measures and arrangements of the defence of its facing direction.
Article 58 The basic constituent members of this document and their associates shall possess the equal constitutional status
The Jews of Aws (one of the basic constituent members of this document) and their allies shall posses the same constitutional status as the other parties to this document, with a condition that they should thoroughly sincere and honest in their dealing with the parties.
Article 59 No party shall have any right of violation of the constitution
No party shall have the right to violate the constitution. Every person who is guilty of a crime shall be held responsible for his act alone.
Article 60 Favour of Almighty Allah will be subject to the observance of the constitution
Verily, God is the Guarantee for the faithful observance of the contents of this constitution ( which shall be enforced by the state).
Article 61 No traitor or oppressor shall have the right of protection under this document
Verily, this constitutional document shall not protect any traitor or oppressor.
Article 62 All peaceful citizens would be in a save and secure protection
Verily, whoever goes out ( on a military expedition) shall be provided with security and whoever stays in Madina shall have (likewise), except those who commit oppression and violate the contents of this constitution.
Article 63 Allah and his Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them) are the protectors of the peaceful citizens of Madina who abide by the constitution
Verily, Allah and the Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon them), the Messenger of God, are the protectors of good citizens and of those who fear from Allah.
Source: These articles are based on the book Constitutional Analysis of the Constitution of Madina by Dr. Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri.
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